According to a 2024 World Health Organisation report, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally, with around 660,000 new cases and around 350,000 deaths in 2022. A 2024 study published in the journal Reproductive Health highlights that cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in India. Alarmingly, the projected cervical cancer burden for India in 2025 is estimated to reach 1.5 million disability-adjusted life years.

 

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Cervical cancer begins silently, developing on the surface of the cervix as healthy cells change into precancerous ones. Nearly all cases are caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), a common virus spread through sexual contact. But that doesn’t mean that there’s no solution. Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers. Regular screenings, like Pap smears, and the HPV vaccine are powerful tools to lower your risk.

 

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Signs to Look Out For

Since cervical cancer often doesn’t show symptoms until it spreads, early detection is crucial. When caught early, it’s highly treatable with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or other targeted treatments. 

In its early stages, cervical cancer can present subtle yet concerning symptoms, such as:

• Watery or bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and foul-smelling
• Vaginal bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause
• Pain during sex (dyspareunia)

If the cancer has spread to nearby tissues or organs, additional symptoms may include:

• Difficulty or pain during urination, sometimes accompanied by blood in the urine
• Diarrhea, pain, or bleeding from the rectum during bowel movements
• Persistent fatigue, weight loss, and reduced appetite
• A dull backache or swelling in the legs
• Pelvic or abdominal pain

If you notice abnormal bleeding, unusual discharge, or other unexplained symptoms, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider immediately. 
Book a consultation with a gyneacologist at UR.Life. 

 

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The Leading Cause of Cervical Cancer: HPV Infection

In a 2024 study by the National Cancer Institute, persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is a primary cause of cervical cancer, accounting for nearly all reported cases. Among the various strains of HPV, types 16 and 18 are particularly concerning, as they are responsible for approximately 70 per cent of cervical cancer diagnoses worldwide. 

The vast majority of individuals who are sexually active will encounter HPV at some stage in their lives. The virus is highly prevalent, and while it often remains asymptomatic, the immune system successfully clears the infection in most individuals within a year or two. These short-term HPV infections typically do not lead to any serious health issues, including cancer. However, complications arise when a high-risk HPV infection persists over an extended period. Such chronic infections can induce cellular changes in the cervix, potentially resulting in precancerous lesions known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). 

If these precancerous lesions are not detected and treated in their early stages, there is a significant risk that they can progress to invasive cervical cancer over time. This progression can often take several years, underscoring the importance of routine medical surveillance and early intervention. 

Several factors can elevate the risk of acquiring a high-risk HPV infection. 

• Engaging in sexual activity at a young age, particularly before the age of 18, is a significant risk factor. 
• Additionally, having multiple sexual partners increases susceptibility to HPV exposure. 
• Other factors such as a weakened immune system, smoking, and long-term use of oral contraceptives may also contribute to the likelihood of developing high-risk HPV infections. 

 

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A Rare Cause of Cervical Cancer: DES Exposure

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a medication that was prescribed between 1940 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage and early labor. Exposure to DES is a rare but significant risk factor for developing clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix and vagina. Women whose mothers took DES during pregnancy have an increased risk of cervical cell abnormalities and this specific type of cancer. Although this condition is uncommon, it is crucial to discuss your prenatal history with your healthcare provider, especially if you know or suspect that you were exposed to DES. Regular screenings and early detection are essential for managing any potential risks.

 

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Preventive Measures For Cervical Cancer

The HPV vaccine is a powerful tool in the fight against cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers, protecting against the types of HPV that most commonly cause these cancers. The HPV vaccine prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing infections or diseases. This is why it’s most effective when administered before any exposure to the virus.

 

Who Should Get Vaccinated?

Preteens (Ages 9-12): The HPV vaccine is most effective when given to preteens, with the ideal age being 11-12 years, but it can start as early as age 9.
Ages 13-26: If not already vaccinated, it’s recommended for everyone up to age 26.
Ages 27-45: Vaccination is not routinely recommended for this age group. However, some adults may benefit after consulting their doctor, as the vaccine offers less benefit in this age range due to potential prior exposure to HPV.

 

Dosage Recommendations:

• Before Age 15: A two-dose schedule is sufficient, with doses given 6-12 months apart.
• After Age 15: Three doses are required for full protection.

 

Regular Screenings

Combining vaccination with regular screenings offers the best defense against cervical cancer, ensuring early detection and prevention for long-term health. Even if you’ve received the HPV vaccine, regular cervical cancer screenings remain essential:

• Pap Test: Detects precancerous changes on the cervix that could lead to cervical cancer if untreated.
• HPV Test: Identifies the presence of HPV, the virus responsible for these cell changes.

Use Protection: Condoms can reduce the risk of transmitting HPV and some sexually transmitted diseases. However, they do not provide complete protection. Therefore, exposure to HPV remains possible in areas not covered by the condom.

 

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Cervical Cancer is Treatable!

Cervical cancer is a profound public health challenge that affects many, yet it's one of the most preventable and treatable forms of cancer when caught  early. The primary culprit behind cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection that many people may not even realize they have. Thankfully, the introduction of the HPV vaccination and regular cervical cancer screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV tests, play a crucial role in safeguarding our health. By following recommended screening schedules, we can take proactive steps to identify potential health issues before they progress.

 

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